Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности
ПОДРОБНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ
УЧЕБНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ
Английский язык.

Вопросы (4):
Вопрос: Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. There are about ninety Universities in Great Britain, the biggest one being London University, and the oldest ones Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford was founded in the 12th century as an aristocratic University and retains its aristocratic character to the present day: the cost of studies is comparatively high. Students have to pay for using libraries and laboratories, as well as for taking examinations. Oxford's organization is very complicated. In fact, the University is a collection of 35 Colleges: two for women only, the rest taking both men and women. Each college is a world of its own which gives its students a specialized training in arts, law, medicine and science. The largest college has over 500 students; the smallest college has 100 students. The University is an administrative centre which arranges lectures for students of the colleges, holds examinations and gives degrees. The tutorial system of education used both in Oxford and Cambridge is one of the ways in which Oxbridge differs from other English Universities. Every student has a tutor in charge of planning his work and discussing its results with the student; the student's duty is to regularly see his tutor and submit papers and essays. The tutorial system of education brings the student into personal contact with his tutor, the latter trying to influence the social and political life of the student. The academic year in England has three terms; each term lasts from eight to ten weeks. Terminal examinations take place at the end of autumn, spring and summer terms. Final examinations take place at the end of the course of studies. If a student fails in an examination, he may be allowed to take the exam again, only two re-examinations being usually allowed. ..
he is allowed to take as many re-examinations as he likes;
no re-examinations are allowed;
only two re-examinations are allowed.

Вопрос: Since the early times communication played a crucial role in human society. All the previous ways of communication set the stage for the present unprecedented integration of communication capabilities, which we call Internet. Internet revolutionized the communication world like nothing before. If you are a Netizen (Net citizen), you can consider any person on the Net your compatriot. It does not matter where this person lives. In the virtual reality of the Net you live next door to everyone. There are no borders for the Internet, you work in cyberspace. Every person on the Net can make an intellectual contribution to the global society. It means that access to the Net needs to be universal. It is a long way to go to achieve this goal, but a lot has been done in this direction already. In the United States, you can get unlimited number of hours on the Internet paying about $20.00 a month and this cost is definitely going down. The universities provide free access to the Net for their students, professors, staff, etc. Many businesses are also connected and allow their employees to use the Net for business purposes. Most public libraries now offer free on line service through their computers. There is another process going on with the Internet – its commercialization. Businesses advertise and market on the Internet. Online catalogs and advertising provide many opportunities, and online shopping is becoming more and more popular. There are lots of companies that are trying to make profit through the Internet. The Internet owes its design to the US Defense Department's project of 1969. The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. Then people in universities all over the world started to use the network to share ideas. They used it for work and for fun. In the 1980s, people started calling it the Internet. The word Netizen is used to describe ... ..
a person who has a computer;
a person who uses the Internet and its resources;
a computer programmer.

Вопрос: Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. Of the full-time students now attending English Universities three quarters are men, and one quarter women. Nearly half of them are engaged in the study of arts subjects such as history, languages, economics or law, the others are studying pure or applied sciences such as medicine, dentistry, technology, or agriculture. The University of London, for instance,, includes internal and external students, the latter coming to London only to sit for their examinations. Actually most external students at London University are living in London. The colleges in the University of London are essentially teaching institutions, providing instruction chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by day students. The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, however, are essentially residential institutions and they mainly use a tutorial method which brings the tutor into close and personal contact with the student. These colleges, being residential, are necessarily far smaller than most of the colleges of the University of London. Education of University standard is also given in other institutions such .as colleges of technology and agricultural colleges, which prepare their students for degrees or diplomas in their own fields. The three terms into which the British University year is divided are roughly eight to ten weeks. Each term is crowded with activity, and the vacations between the terms – a month at Christmas, a month at Easter, and three or four months in summer – are mainly periods of intellectual digestion and private study. A person studying for a degree at a British University is called a graduate. B.A. or B. Sc. stands for Bachelor of Arts, or of Science, the first degree. M.A. or M. Sc. denotes Master of Arts, or of Science. One can become a B.A. after three years of hard study, and an M.A. at the end of five years. During their holidays students ... ..
work to pay the tuition fees;
get degrees;
revise and research on their own.

Вопрос: Прочитайте предложенный текст и выберите единственно правильный ответ в каждом задании. With the development of technology in the twenty-first century, it would be really difficult to imagine life without computers. They are a source of information, education and entertainment, but today's world of computers can also be quite frightening and dangerous. This is because of people who use computers for illegal purposes. They are called hackers. Hackers spend their time playing with computer data in all parts of cyberspace. Much of what they do is not dangerous, but sometimes their activities break the law, for example, when they break into websites, take control of computers or create viruses. They are especially interested in breaking through the security of military websites. Hackers know how to trick people just using their programs. They use a 'Trojan Horse’, a program that looks perfectly safe, but actually contains something destructive. The only way of not getting into trouble is not to open it. Although they can get serious punishment if they are caught, most hackers still think that what they do is a game. They often meet at festivals to take part in discussions, share their experiences, meet other hackers and generally to have a good time. These meetings are organized in well-known places like Las Vegas or Berlin. However, what the hackers do at such festivals is a secret and often many of their activities take place at night. Recently, hacking has started to increase. Hackers are getting into computer systems and stealing or destroying information. It is certain that there will be a lot more of this high-tech crime in the twenty-first century. Hackers' special interest is ... ..
top secret information;
education;
entertainment.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If you tabulated the collected information it would be easier to analyze it. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If my grandfather had bought those shares I would have become a millionaire long ago ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If he phones I’ll let you know ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the company had taken into account the business situation they would have adapted their product. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the weather is fine we shall go for a walk. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the economic climate does not change they will loose all their investments. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы вы подписали разрешение на отгрузку вовремя, задержки с поставкой товара не произошло бы. ..
If you had signed
if you signed
if you sign

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы Вы согласились ускорить отправку второй партии товара, штрафные санкции не были бы востребованы. ..
were not charged
would not have been charged
wouldn’t be charged

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы я купил новый автомобиль, я бы отдал тебе свой. ..
if I had bought
if I bought
if I buy

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если им удастся прорваться на мировой рынок, они будут счастливы. ..
if they break into
if they broke
if they had broken into

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы монтаж оборудования был осуществлен своевременно, завод бы уже давно достиг запланированной мощности.
will reach
would reach
would have reached

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если вы завтра сдадите успешно экзамены, то я приглашу вас в театр. ..
if you pass
if you passed
if you had passed

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы мы купили билеты в кино, мы бы прекрасно провели время. ..
if we had bought
if we bought
if we buy

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы мы вышли на индийский рынок 10 лет назад, наши доходы значительно бы возросли. ..
had broken into
broke into
will break into

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы Вы отправили перевод по телеграфу, мы бы уже давно получили деньги. ..
had sent
sent
will sent

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения I shall come and meet you in the car if it… . ..
rains
will rain
had rained

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения It would be wonderful if … . ..
they came
will come
would come

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения I would have brought you the book, if I… . ..
found it
had found it
if I find it

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If he had consulted his own interests he
will not do it
would have never done it
did not do it

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If I had known you had a mobile phone I would contact you
will contact you
would have contacted you

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения What will you do if your computer… ?
won’t work
had not worked
doesn’t work

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если не будет задержки самолета, то мы успеем на конференцию. ..
if there is no delay
if there were no delay
if there had not been any delay

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If he took a taxi … ..
he will catch the train
he would catch the train
he would have caught the train.

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If you helped him, he … . ..
would be happy
will be happy
was happy

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения We shall fly to Paris, if he … . ..
agrees to pay
had paid
paid

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения They would have earned more money …
if they work longer hours.
if they had worked longer hours.
if they worked longer hours.

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения I were you, I … ..
wouldn’t buy these shoes
won’t buy these shoes
bought these shoes

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the economic climate does not change they will loose all their investments. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If he phones I’ll let you know ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If he were not so sure he would not promise anything. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the weather is fine we shall go for a walk. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If we had branded the product the brand would have been well-established long ago. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы фирма использовала профессионалов, рекламная кампания не провалилась бы. ..
would be a success
will be a success
would have been a success

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если не будет задержки самолета, то мы успеем на конференцию. ..
if there is no delay
if there were no delay
if there had not been any delay

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы мы вышли на индийский рынок 10 лет назад, наши доходы значительно бы возросли. ..
had broken into
broke into
will break into

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если вы завтра сдадите успешно экзамены, то я приглашу вас в театр. ..
if you pass
if you passed
if you had passed

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы я купил новый автомобиль, я бы отдал тебе свой. ..
if I had bought
if I bought
if I buy

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы вы перевели деньги вовремя, то уже давно получили бы свой товар. ..
would receive
will receive
would have received

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы Вы согласились ускорить отправку второй партии товара, штрафные санкции не были бы востребованы. ..
were not charged
would not have been charged
wouldn’t be charged

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения We wouldn’t have any money if we … .
did not work
hadn’t worked
will not work

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения It would be wonderful if … . ..
they came
will come
would come

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If I had known when your birthday was I…. . ..
bought you a present
will buy you a present
would have bought you a present

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения He would have sent you an e-mail if …
you had given him your e-mail address
you gave him your e-mail address
give him your e-mail address

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If you managed to get tickets to the theatre we … . ..
will spend time together
would spent time together
spent time together

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If you invited her to the party tomorrow she … . ..
will come
had come
would come

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : They would sign the contract if you paid in advance. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If he phones I’ll let you know ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the company had used census data they would have positioned their product more accurately. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If he had learned this information beforehand he could have earned much money on it. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If we wanted to buy something from you we would let you know. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If you wanted to help us you would invest in our company. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If he had taken a taxi he would have caught the train ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If we had branded the product the brand would have been well-established long ago. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : We might reduce the expenditure if our partners helped us. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : They would earn more money if they worked longer hours. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : They would not have suffered losses if they had taken precautions. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения I shall come and meet you in the car if it… . ..
rains
will rain
had rained

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения We wouldn’t have any money if we … .
did not work
hadn’t worked
will not work

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If I were you I… . ..
should change the job
will change the job
had changed the job

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If she could cook as well as you, she … a restaurant. ..
would open
will open
had opened

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если им удастся прорваться на мировой рынок, они будут счастливы. ..
if they break into
if they broke
if they had broken into

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : We won’t strike a deal with you unless you create favorable conditions ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the economic climate does not change they will loose all their investments. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If the company had taken into account the business situation they would have adapted their product. ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If my grandfather had bought those shares I would have become a millionaire long ago ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If you helped him, he … . ..
would be happy
will be happy
was happy

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения What will you do if your computer… ?
won’t work
had not worked
doesn’t work

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения She would have told you everything if she … . ..
knew
will know
had known

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If she follows my advice… ..
it will do her good
it would do her good
it would have done her good

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : If my grandfather had bought those shares I would have become a millionaire long ago ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Выберите правильный вариант перевода с русского на английский язык подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции: Если бы вы подписали разрешение на отгрузку вовремя, задержки с поставкой товара не произошло бы. ..
If you had signed
if you signed
if you sign

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If I had known when your birthday was I…. . ..
bought you a present
will buy you a present
would have bought you a present

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения We shall fly to Paris, if he … . ..
agrees to pay
had paid
paid

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If you invited her to the party tomorrow she … . ..
will come
had come
would come

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If I were you I… . ..
should change the job
will change the job
had changed the job

Вопрос: Определите тип условного предложения : We won’t strike a deal with you unless you create favorable conditions ..
реальное условие, относящееся к будущему;
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему;
[новый ответ]нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому.

Вопрос: Выберите окончание каждого предложения If he had consulted his own interests he … . ..
will not do it
would have never done it
did not do it

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. They might still be doing that business. ..
вероятно
должен
мог

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. They must have sold everything. ..
может быть
вероятно
должно быть

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. The company could not have launched the entirely new product. ..
не должна
не следует
не может быть

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. He had to do it yesterday.
пришлось
мог
следовало бы

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. You should have bought meat instead of sausages. ..
должен
следовало бы
мог

Вопрос: Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products. Marketing is: ..
Promoting goods and services from producer to user;
Storing and selling goods;
Understanding consumer circumstances.

Вопрос: Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men's or women's product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers' perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names. The breadth of the product line of a company depends on: ..
deciding questions on diversification and simplification;
the target market and the resources available;
the financial position only;

Вопрос: Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer's job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell. The product is to be designed: ..
to meet the requirements of the producers;
to function efficiently;
to benefit both the manufacturer and the consumer;

Вопрос: Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods. As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or "middlemen." These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing. As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user " Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products. The transfer of goods took place because: ..
People were violent;
A mutually satisfactory transaction was desirable;
People were unable to produce everything themselves;

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. She … to join them tomorrow. ..
can
must
will be able

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Don’t forget you … to meet me at the station. ..
must
can
are

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. The company … have launched the entirely new product. ..
mustn’t
may not
couldn’t

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He … have asked such a foolish question. ..
mustn’t
couldn’t
was allowed

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. We … try to find the solution to the problem. ..
have
must
are

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. You … have come earlier. The professor has already made his report. ..
will be able
should
ought

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. She isn’t in. She … be out for lunch. ..
has
is able
must

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Their product … be selling very well, otherwise the company would not have increased the production.
must
may
can

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. I … to go to the bank yesterday to get some money. ..
had
could
need

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He … buy a newspaper because the shop was closed. ..
must not
shouldn’t
couldn’t

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. You … to read this book in the original. ..
are
must
can

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. She …to take an exam tomorrow. ..
will have
must
can

Bопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. She … to join them tomorrow. ..
can
must
will be able

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He is late. The car … have broken down again. ..
ought
should
must

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. You …help me. I can do it myself. ..
don’t have
are
needn’t

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Don’t forget you … to meet me at the station. ..
must
can
are

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He hasn’t come , he … have forgotten about our appointment. ..
is
must
can

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. Sometimes customs clearance … be difficult to obtain. ..
may
must
is

Вопрос: Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий данному предложению. He … buy a newspaper because the shop was closed. ..
must not
shouldn’t
couldn’t

Вопрос: Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision. An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men's or women's product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up. Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers' perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names. What is trading up? ..
offering high-quality, expensive goods to affluent markets;
positioning products with respect to the competition;
challenging the leader.

Вопрос: Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу. Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market. One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer's job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict. Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell. Why is it the marketer’s job to gauge fashion trends?
because they have to cope with fashion;
because they must offer their customers а variety of styles;
because fashion is difficult to predict;

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. You were to come to our meeting, but you didn’t. ..
должны были
могли
может быть

Вопрос: Выберите правильный перевод модального глагола. There may be a delay in solving this problem. ..
может быть
должна быть
следовало бы